Reactive Oxygen Species and Eye Aging in Cataracts through Biomolecular Mechanisms

The cataractogenesis process and the novel mechanisms involved in its progression make us question that the only solution today presented for its resolution is through a surgical procedure. The unveiling of such interesting and intricate machinery in the lens opacification occupies not only the ophthalmologists field, but also biology, molecular, and biochemistry areas. The animal models, experimental and theoretically, have done their best try to present what appears to be an irreparable and unstoppable process nowadays. The crystalline lens opacification is chronic and progressively damaged due to the loss of balance between the production and elimination of free reactive oxygen species (ROS), the attempts to stop or slow down this overproduction or lack of elimination lie in study material from disciplines as complex as cancer pathways. The execution of this review article was possible through metasearch engines like Wiley Online Library, EBSCO, Cochrane, Clinical key and MEDLINE PubMed (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), to retrieve studies from January 2021 to January 2022, following PRISMA guidelines, with a special affinity to systematic reviews and meta-analysis. MeSH Terms associated with "Cataract AND Reactive Oxygen Species". This work constitutes an integral cataractogenesis view in the development of future therapeutic scopes. The world population especially in Europe is aging at a rapid rate, in this sense is necessary to consider a root potential solution and not palliative strategies in ophthalmology for the next generations. The compendium of procedures presented already supposed to open a new panorama to a clearer world, a world without senile cataracts. Time is vision.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Hymenaea martiana Hayne (Fabaceae) in mice / Atividade antinociceptiva e anti inflamatória de Hymenaea martiana Hayne (Fabaceae) em camundongos

Hymenaea martiana is a species popularly known in Northeastern Brazil as "jatobá" and used in folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of H. martiana. In the present study, we carried out an investigation about the effects of the crude ethanolic extract (Hm-EtOH) and the ethyl acetate fraction (Hm-AcOEt) in models of nociception and inflammation in mice. Chemical (acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin) and thermal stimuli (hot plate) were used for the evaluation of antinociceptive activity, while for the anti-inflammatory profile paw edema induced by carrageenan was used, along with leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity. The presence of the flavonoid astilbin in the samples was characterized through HPLC-DAD-MS analysis. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt (100, 200 and 400 mg.kg-¹, i.p.) significantly reduced the number of abdominal contortions and decreased the paw licking time in the formalin test. In the hot plate, the extract increased the latency time of animals. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt inhibited significantly the increase in the edema after the administration of carrageenan. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt inhibited leukocyte migration in the peritonitis test. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis of Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt revealed the presence of the flavonoid astilbin in the samples. According to the results of this study, both Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, which could be related with the presence of flavonoid in the extracts. The results reinforce the popular use of this plant.

Hymenaea martiana é uma espécie popularmente conhecida no Nordeste do Brasil como “jatobᔠe usada na medicina popular para tratar a dor e a inflamação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antinociceptiva e anti inflamatória de H. martiana. No presente estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos do extrato etanólico bruto (Hm-EtOH) e da fração acetato de etila (Hm-AcOEt) em modelos de nocicepção e inflamação em camundongos. Foram utilizados estímulos químicos (contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético e teste da formalina) e estímulo térmico (teste da placa quente) para avaliação da atividade antinociceptiva, enquanto no perfil anti-inflamatório foi utilizado o teste do edema de pata induzido por carragenina e migração de leucócitos para a cavidade peritoneal. A presença do flavonoide astilbina nas amostras foi caracterizada através de análise por CLAE-DAD-EM. Hm-EtOH e o Hm-AcOEt (100, 200 e 400 mg.kg-¹, i.p.) reduziram significativamente o número de contorções abdominais e diminuíram o tempo de lambida da pata no teste da formalina. No teste da placa quente, houve aumento do tempo de latência dos animais. Hm-EtOH e Hm-AcOEt inibiram significativamente o aumento do edema após a administração de carragenina, bem como inibiram a migração de leucócitos no teste de peritonite. A análise por CLAE-DAD-EM de Hm-EtOH e Hm-AcOEt revelou a presença do flavonoide astilbina nas amostras. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, tanto Hm-EtOH quanto o Hm-AcOEt possuem atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória, o que pode estar relacionado à presença do flavonoide. Os resultados reforçam o uso popular desta planta.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Hymenaea martiana Hayne (Fabaceae) in mice

Abstract Hymenaea martiana is a species popularly known in Northeastern Brazil as jatobá and used in folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of H. martiana. In the present study, we carried out an investigation about the effects of the crude ethanolic extract (Hm-EtOH) and the ethyl acetate fraction (Hm-AcOEt) in models of nociception and inflammation in mice. Chemical (acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin) and thermal stimuli (hot plate) were used for the evaluation of antinociceptive activity, while for the anti-inflammatory profile paw edema induced by carrageenan was used, along with leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity. The presence of the flavonoid astilbin in the samples was characterized through HPLC-DAD-MS analysis. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt (100, 200 and 400 mg.kg-1, i.p.) significantly reduced the number of abdominal contortions and decreased the paw licking time in the formalin test. In the hot plate, the extract increased the latency time of animals. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt inhibited significantly the increase in the edema after the administration of carrageenan. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt inhibited leukocyte migration in the peritonitis test. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis of Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt revealed the presence of the flavonoid astilbin in the samples. According to the results of this study, both Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, which could be related with the presence of flavonoid in the extracts. The results reinforce the popular use of this plant.

Resumo Hymenaea martiana é uma espécie popularmente conhecida no Nordeste do Brasil como jatobá e usada na medicina popular para tratar a dor e a inflamação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória de H. martiana. No presente estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos do extrato etanólico bruto (Hm-EtOH) e da fração acetato de etila (Hm-AcOEt) em modelos de nocicepção e inflamação em camundongos. Foram utilizados estímulos químicos (contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético e teste da formalina) e estímulo térmico (teste da placa quente) para avaliação da atividade antinociceptiva, enquanto no perfil anti-inflamatório foi utilizado o teste do edema de pata induzido por carragenina e migração de leucócitos para a cavidade peritoneal. A presença do flavonoide astilbina nas amostras foi caracterizada através de análise por CLAE-DAD-EM. Hm-EtOH e o Hm-AcOEt (100, 200 e 400 mg.kg-1, i.p.) reduziram significativamente o número de contorções abdominais e diminuíram o tempo de lambida da pata no teste da formalina. No teste da placa quente, houve aumento do tempo de latência dos animais. Hm-EtOH e Hm-AcOEt inibiram significativamente o aumento do edema após a administração de carragenina, bem como inibiram a migração de leucócitos no teste de peritonite. A análise por CLAE-DAD-EM de Hm-EtOH e Hm-AcOEt revelou a presença do flavonoide astilbina nas amostras. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, tanto Hm-EtOH quanto o Hm-AcOEt possuem atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória, o que pode estar relacionado à presença do flavonoide. Os resultados reforçam o uso popular desta planta.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Hymenaea martiana Hayne (Fabaceae) in mice / Atividade antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória de Hymenaea martiana Hayne (Fabaceae) em camundongos

Hymenaea martiana is a species popularly known in Northeastern Brazil as "jatobá" and used in folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of H. martiana. In the present study, we carried out an investigation about the effects of the crude ethanolic extract (Hm-EtOH) and the ethyl acetate fraction (Hm-AcOEt) in models of nociception and inflammation in mice. Chemical (acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin) and thermal stimuli (hot plate) were used for the evaluation of antinociceptive activity, while for the anti-inflammatory profile paw edema induced by carrageenan was used, along with leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity. The presence of the flavonoid astilbin in the samples was characterized through HPLC-DAD-MS analysis. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt (100, 200 and 400 mg.kg-1, i.p.) significantly reduced the number of abdominal contortions and decreased the paw licking time in the formalin test. In the hot plate, the extract increased the latency time of animals. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt inhibited significantly the increase in the edema after the administration of carrageenan. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt inhibited leukocyte migration in the peritonitis test. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis of Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt revealed the presence of the flavonoid astilbin in the samples. According to the results of this study, both Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, which could be related with the presence of flavonoid in the extracts. The results reinforce the popular use of this plant.

Hymenaea martiana é uma espécie popularmente conhecida no Nordeste do Brasil como "jatobá" e usada na medicina popular para tratar a dor e a inflamação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antinociceptiva e antiinflamatória de H. martiana. No presente estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos do extrato etanólico bruto (Hm-EtOH) e da fração acetato de etila (Hm-AcOEt) em modelos de nocicepção e inflamação em camundongos. Foram utilizados estímulos químicos (contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético e teste da formalina) e estímulo térmico (teste da placa quente) para avaliação da atividade antinociceptiva, enquanto no perfil anti-inflamatório foi utilizado o teste do edema de pata induzido por carragenina e migração de leucócitos para a cavidade peritoneal. A presença do flavonoide astilbina nas amostras foi caracterizada através de análise por CLAE-DAD-EM. Hm-EtOH e o Hm-AcOEt (100, 200 e 400 mg.kg-1, i.p.) reduziram significativamente o número de contorções abdominais e diminuíram o tempo de lambida da pata no teste da formalina. No teste da placa quente, houve aumento do tempo de latência dos animais. Hm-EtOH e Hm-AcOEt inibiram significativamente o aumento do edema após a administração de carragenina, bem como inibiram a migração de leucócitos no teste de peritonite. A análise por CLAE-DAD-EM de Hm-EtOH e Hm-AcOEt revelou a presença do flavonoide astilbina nas amostras. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, tanto Hm-EtOH quanto o Hm-AcOEt possuem atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória, o que pode estar relacionado à presença do flavonoide. Os resultados reforçam o uso popular desta planta.

Measurement of the Radial Nerve Danger Zone in Filipino Adults: A Cadaveric Study

@#Introduction: The radial nerve danger zone (RNDZ) is an important anatomic consideration to anticipate or prevent injury in trauma assessment or surgical fixation. No published estimate currently exists for Filipinos. In this study, we sought to provide a local estimate and explore potential predictors of this anatomic region in Filipino adult cadavers. Materials and methods: Posterior dissection to expose and measure the radial nerve, from the lateral epicondyle to the lateral intermuscular septum, was performed in 60 upper limbs from 30 formalin-preserved cadavers in the laboratory of the Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila. Univariate and multivariate linear regression modelling was performed with RNDZ as the dependent variable and age, sex, height and humeral length as potential independent variables individually and in combinations. Results: The mean radial nerve length from the lateral epicondyle to the lateral intermuscular septum was estimated at 10.6 cm (95% confidence interval: 10.3 cm, 10.9cm). Height and humeral length were statistically significant univariate predictors in female cadavers, while only height was significant in male cadavers. In addition, all multivariate regression models were statistically significant and accounted for more than 57% of the variability in female RNDZ estimates. In comparison, only models that included height and age were statistically significant predictors of RNDZ and accounted for at most 22% of the variability of the estimate in males. Conclusion: The estimated length of the radial nerve danger zone generated in this study should be strongly considered over other published estimates in surgical fixation procedures performed in adult Filipinos.

Dieta Cetogénica en el paciente con epilepsia refractaria / Ketogenic Diet in patients with refractory epilepsy

INTRODUCCIÓN: La epilepsia afecta a 0,5% a 1% de la población, iniciándose en la infancia en el 60% de los casos. El 25% de los niños que la presentan, tienen epilepsia refractaria (ER) a fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) y en ellos la dieta cetogénica (DC) surge como un tratamiento no farmacológico efectivo. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto de la DC en el número de crisis, en la calidad de vida y bienestar del paciente y su entorno. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se revisaron los registros médicos de los pacientes con diagnóstico de ER que recibieron DC entre los años 2008 y 2018 registrando variables: edad, diagnóstico, número de crisis, número de FAE, respuesta y complicaciones. La DC se inició en todos los casos con el paciente hospitalizado durante un período no mayor a siete días, en el cual se realizó evaluación nutricional antropométrica con medición de peso y talla según condición clínica. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 35 DC. La mediana de edad al inicio fue 4,8 años con rango intercuartil (RIC) de 2,3-6,8 años. Se utilizó DC clásica en 49% de los pacientes, Dieta Atkins Modificada en 37% y Dieta de Bajo Índice Glicémico en 14%. Su promedio de duración fue 13 meses + 11 DS meses. Luego de tres meses de iniciada la DC, la reducción de al menos un 50% de las crisis se observó en 82% de los casos, de los cuales 22,8% presentaron reducción de más de 90% y 20% quedó libre de crisis. Se registraron efectos secundarios en 21 pacientes, la mayoría gastrointestinales (62%) y dislipidemia (14%). Todos los efectos secundarios se resolvieron con manejo médico. CONCLUSIONES: La DC es un tratamiento efectivo en pacientes pediátricos con ER y las complicaciones asociadas fueron fácilmente controla das por un equipo multidisciplinario.

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy affects 0.5 to 1% of the population. 25% of pediatric patients have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Ketogenic Diet (KD) emerges as an effective, non-pharmacological treatment in this group. OBJECTIVE: To describe the effect of KD on seizure control and nutritional status in children whit DRE. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We reviewed the medical records of patients with DRE treated with KD, between 2008 and 2018, evaluating age, diagnosis, number of seizures, number of antiepileptic drugs used, clinical outcomes, and complications. The KD was initiated in all patients hospitalized for a period no longer than seven days, who were evaluated for their nutritional and anthropometric sta tus, with weight and height measurements according to the clinical condition. RESULTS: We analyzed 35 KD in 33 cases. The median age of KD initiation was 4.8 years with an interquartile range (IQR) of 2-3 to 6.8 years. Classical KD was used in 49% of patients, Modified Atkins Diet (MAD) in 37%, and Low-Glycemic Index Treatment (LGIT) in 14% of cases. The average duration was 13 months (SD 11 months). After three months of using KD, we observed at least 50% reduction of seizures in 82% (27/33) of the patients, out of these, 22.8% presented 90% or more reduction of seizures, and 20% ended up seizure-free. Adverse events were observed in 21 patients, mainly gastrointestinal (62%) and dyslipidemia (14%), without effect on height. All side effects resolved with medical ma nagement. CONCLUSIONS: KD is a useful treatment in pediatric patients with DRE without nutritional impact. The adverse events were easily controlled if the patients are evaluated by a multidisciplinary team, according to international guidelines.

Fractions of Selaginella convoluta (Arn) Spring (Selaginellaceae) attenuate the nociceptive behavior events in mice / Frações de Selaginella convoluta (Ar) Spring (Selaginellaceae) atenuam a resposta nociceptiva em camundongos

Abstract Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring is a species popularly known as "jericó", and used in folk medicine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to investigate in mice the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the hexane (Sc-Hex) and chloroform (Sc-CHCl3) fractions (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) obtained by partition of crude ethanol extract from S. convoluta. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the fractions was performed. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The rota-rod test was used to evaluate motor coordination. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the Sc-Hex and the Sc-CHCl3 were positive for the presence of flavonoids, anthracene derivatives, quinones, triterpenes and steroids. Inhibition of writhing was observed for fractions tested. The Sc-Hex at all doses tested was effective in reducing the nociceptive behavior produced by formalin only in the second phase. However, the Sc-CHCl3 decreased the paw licking time in the first and second phases. In the hot plate no significant effect was observed for any fraction. In the rota-rod test, treated mice did not demonstrate any significant motor performance changes. In the carrageenan-induced pleurisy, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduced cell migration to the pleural cavity. These results reveal the antinociceptive properties of S. convoluta , which support, in part, its traditional use, since the fractions did not presented significant activity in the inflammatory response profile. We further verify that this antinociceptive effect could be by activation of nociceptive peripheral pathway.

Resumo Selaginella convoluta é uma espécie popularmente conhecida como "jericó", e usada na medicina popular como analgésica e anti-inflamatória. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar em camundongos as atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória das frações hexânica (Sc-Hex) e clorofórmica (Sc-CHCl3) (100, 200 e 400 mg/kg) obtidas por partição do extrato etanólico bruto de S. convoluta . A análise fitoquímica preliminar das frações foi realizada. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada pelos testes de contorções abdominais, formalina e placa quente. A atividade anti-inflamatória foi avaliada usando pleurisia induzida por carragenina. O teste do rota-rod foi utilizado para avaliar a coordenação motora. A triagem fitoquímica preliminar mostrou que Sc-Hex e Sc-CHCl3 apresentaram reação positiva para a presença de flavonoides, derivados antracênicos, quinonas, triterpenos e esteroides. A inibição das contorções foi observada para as frações testadas. Sc-Hex em todas as doses testadas foi efetivo na redução do comportamento nociceptivo produzido pela formalina somente na segunda fase. No entanto, Sc-CHCl3 diminuiu o tempo de lambida da pata na primeira e segunda fases. Na placa quente, nenhum efeito significativo foi observado para qualquer fração. No teste do rota-rod os camundongos tratados não demonstraram mudanças significativas na coordenação motora. Na pleurisia induzida por carragenina, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduziu a migração celular para a cavidade pleural. Estes resultados revelam a propriedade antinociceptiva de S. convoluta, justificando, em parte, seu uso tradicional, uma vez que os extratos não apresentaram atividade significativa no perfil de resposta inflamatória. Verificamos ainda que esse efeito antinociceptivo mostrou-se ligado à ativação da via periférica nociceptiva.

Flavonoid glycosides and their putative human metabolites as potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)

BACKGROUND Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to be a pandemic infection, important severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) non-structural proteins (nsp) have been analysed as promising targets in virtual screening approaches. Among these proteins, 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro), also named main protease, and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), have been identified as fundamental targets due to its importance in the viral replication stages. OBJECTIVES To investigate, in silico, two of the most abundant flavonoid glycosides from Dysphania ambrosioides; a medicinal plant found in many regions of the world, along with some of the putative derivatives of these flavonoid glycosides in the human organism as potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and RdRp. METHODS Using a molecular docking approach, the interactions and the binding affinity with SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and RdRp were predicted for quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) and some of their glucuronide and sulfate derivatives. FINDINGS Docking analysis, based on the crystal structure of 3CLpro and RdRp, indicated rutin, nicotiflorin, and their glucuronide and sulfate derivatives as potential inhibitors for both proteins. Also, the importance of the hydrogen bond and π-based interactions was evidenced for the presumed active sites. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest that both flavonoid glycosides and their putative human metabolites can play a key role as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and RdRp. Obviously, further researches, mainly in vitro and in vivo experiments, are necessary to certify the docking results reported here, as well as the adequate application of these substances. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate the risks of D. ambrosioides as a phytomedicine for use against COVID-19.

Assessment of the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) / Avaliação das atividades antibacteriana, citotóxica e antioxidante de Morus nigra L. (Moraceae)

Abstract This study was carried out to assess the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of extracts of Morus nigra L. HPLC was used to determine the fingerprint chromatogram of the crude ethanolic extract (Mn-EtOH). The antibacterial effect was assessed through the method of microdilution. The cytotoxicity was tested against human tumour cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also assessed through the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. The presence of phenolic compounds in Mn-EtOH was confirmed using HPLC. The extracts showed activity against most microorganisms tested. The extracts did not show any expressive antiproliferative effect in the assessment of cytotoxicity. The most significant total phenolic content was 153.00 ± 11.34 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g to the ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt). The total flavonoid content was 292.50 ± 70.34 mg of catechin equivalent/g to the AcOEt extract, which presented the best antioxidant activity (IC50 50.40 ± 1.16 μg/mL) for DPPH scavenging. We can conclude that this species shows strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as weak cytotoxic effects.

Resumo Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar as atividades antibacteriana, citotóxica e antioxidante de extratos de Morus nigra L. HPLC foi utilizado para determinar o perfil de compostos fenólicos do extrato etanólico bruto (Mn-EtOH). O efeito antibacteriano foi avaliado através do método de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade foi testada contra linhagens celulares de tumores humanos utilizando o ensaio do brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetil-2-tiazolil)-2,5-difenil-2H-tetrazólio (MTT). O conteúdo total de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides também foi avaliado por meio dos métodos de Folin-Ciocalteu e cloreto de alumínio, respectivamente. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos foi avaliada por meio do sequestro do radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e co-oxidação do sistema β-caroteno-ácido linoleico. A presença de compostos fenólicos em Mn-EtOH foi confirmada utilizando HPLC. Os extratos mostraram atividade contra a maioria dos microrganismos testados. Os extratos não mostraram qualquer efeito antiproliferativo expressivo na avaliação da citotoxicidade. O conteúdo fenólico total mais significativo foi de 153,00 ± 11,34 mg de equivalente de ácido gálico/g para o extrato acetato de etila (AcOEt). O conteúdo de flavonoides totais foi de 292,50 ± 70,34 mg de equivalente de catequina/g para o extrato AcOEt, que apresentou a melhor atividade antioxidante (IC50 50,40 ± 1,16 mg/mL) para o sequestro do DPPH. Podemos concluir que esta espécie apresenta forte atividade antibacteriana e antioxidante, bem como fraca atividade citotóxica.

Avaliação clínica e bioquímica de cães submetidos a dois métodos de hidroterapia / Clinical and biochemical evaluation of dogs submitted to two methods of hydrotherapy

Avaliou-se a resposta dos parâmetros fisiológicos de frequência cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR) e a atividade sérica das enzimas creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH) em cães adultos hígidos, machos e fêmeas, sob duas modalidades de hidroterapia. Dez cães foram distribuídos em dois grupos de cinco animais, denominados de grupo I (caminhada em esteira aquática) e grupo II (natação) e submetidos a duas sessões por semana com duração inicial de 10 minutos, acrescida de cinco minutos por sessão até 30 minutos, durante nove semanas. As avaliações foram realizadas antes, imediatamente depois e quatro horas após o exercício em todas as sessões para as variáveis de FC, FR e TR e nos dias um, sete, 28 e 60 para CK e LDH. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) quando comparados os valores médios dos parâmetros fisiológicos de frequência cardíaca e respiratória e de temperatura retal. Os níveis de CK e LDH não se elevaram após a hidroterapia nos diferentes tempos e dias avaliados. Dessa forma, foi possível concluir que as sessões de natação e de caminhada em esteira aquática não causaram alterações nos parâmetros fisiológicos de frequência cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal e nos níveis sanguíneos de creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH) no protocolo proposto.(AU)

The physiological parameters of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (TR), and serum activity of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes were determined in healthy dogs, male and female, under two hydrotherapy modalities. Ten dogs were distributed in two groups of five animals, named Group I (underwater treadmill walk) and Group II (swimming), submitted to two sessions per week with initial duration of 10 minutes, plus 5 minutes per session up to 30 minutes, during 9 weeks. The evaluations were performed before, immediately after and 4 hours after exercise in all sessions for the HR, RR and TR variables and on days one, seven, 28 and 60 for CK and LDH. There was no difference (P> 0.05) when comparing the mean values of physiological parameters of heart and respiratory rate and rectal temperature. CK and LDH levels did not rise after hydrotherapy at different times and days evaluated. So, it was possible to conclude that swimming sessions and underwater treadmill walking did not cause alterations in the physiological parameters of heart and respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and the blood levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the proposed protocol.(AU)

Nitric oxide and immune response in infection control of Caseous Lymphadenitis / Óxido nítrico e resposta imune no controle de infecção da Linfadenite Caseosa

This study aimed to evaluate aspects of host immune response using an experimental infection model of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (CP) in C57/Black6 wild-type and knockout for nitric oxide (KO-NO) mice. 28 mice were evaluated: 4 wild-type controls; 10 wild-type infected with CP; 4 KO-NO controls; 10 KO-NO infected with CP. Infection procedures were carried out by intraperitoneal inoculation using 107. Infected C57/Black6 KO-NO mice began to die after the 5° day post-inoculation, up until the 14º day. Neutrophils were found in increased numbers in the infiltrate of KO-NO murine peritoneal cavities. Examination of splenic tissue revealed an accumulation of lymphocytes, predominantly CD8 T-cells, in experimental animal groups. KO-NO animals were found to have a predominance of granulomas 7 days post-inoculation, primarily in the lymph nodes. In addition, greater amounts of bacteria were recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes of KO-NO mice. There was no statistically significant difference in the levels of total IgG and its subclasses 14 days post-inoculation between KO-NO and wild groups. The results suggest the importance of nitric oxide in the process of controlling CP infection, as KO-NO animals were observed to be markedly more affected by infection with this bacterium.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos da resposta imune do hospedeiro, mediante o uso de um modelo experimental de infecção de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (CP) em camundongos C57/Black6 do tipo selvagem e em C57/Black6 knockout para o óxido nítrico (KO-NO). Foram avaliados 28 camundongos: quatro controles de tipo selvagem; 10 do tipo selvagem infectados com CP; quatro controles KO-NO; e 10 KO-NO infectados com CP. A infecção foi realizada via intraperitoneal, usando-se 107. Os animais C57/Black6 KO-NO infectados começaram a vir a óbito no quinto dia pós-inoculação, o que aconteceu até o 14º dia. Um número maior de neutrófilos foi encontrado na sua cavidade peritoneal. O exame do baço revelou um acúmulo de linfócitos, predominantemente células T CD8, nos grupos de animais experimentais. Nos animais KO-NO, foi observada a presença de granulomas, sete dias pós-inoculação, principalmente nos gânglios linfáticos. Além disso, uma maior quantidade de bactérias foi detectada dos linfonodos mesentéricos desses animais. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos níveis séricos IgG total e em suas subclasses aos 14 dias pós-inoculação nos grupos KO-NO e selvagem. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a importância do óxido nítrico no processo de controle da infecção por CP.(AU)

Reflexión teórica sobre el arte del cuidado / Theoretical reflection on the art of care / Reflexão teórica sobre a arte do cuidado

Introducción: Con la construcción del estado del arte se identificó la necesidad de conceptualizar el arte del cuidado con la siguiente interrogante: ¿se concibe el arte del cuidado de enfermería como fenómeno de estudio desde la revisión del pensamiento teórico de enfermería? Este análisis contribuye a la fundamentación filosofica estética de la disciplina de enfermería y su resignificación para la enseñanza y la práctica, de tal forma que el cuidado adquiera el sentido humanístico para la autonomía profesional. Desarrollo: Se analiza el cuidado desde la visión de algunos filósofos y teóricas de enfermería para contextualizar el fenómeno de estudio; posteriormente se describen las concepciones del arte del cuidado y conocimiento estético más significativas desde Florence Nightingale hasta Vera Regina Waldow. Para el análisis de los hallazgos se consideran las concepciones del arte como conocimiento, como actividad práctica y como sensibilidad establecidas por Abaggnano. Conclusiones: El arte del cuidado se sustenta según las concepciones fundamentales del arte, principalmente como actividad práctica, asimismo se identifican las acepciones del arte como conocimiento y como sensibilidad. En síntesis, hasta este momento se puede decir que el arte del cuidado se da en una relación intersubjetiva, la enfermera (ro) hace una abstracción de la realidad de la persona y esta hace una autopercepción para objetivar sus necesidades. De esta interacción se derivan las acciones cuidativas basadas en el amor, en el respeto a la dignidad de la persona.

Introduction: Considering the construction of the state of art, the need to conceptualize the art of care was identified through the following question: Is the nursing care art conceived as a phenomenon of study from the perspective of the nursing theoretical thought? This analysis contributes to the philosophical and aesthetical foundations of nursing teaching and practice so that care acquires the humanistic sense for the professional autonomy. Development: Care is analyzed from the vision of some philosophers and theoreticians of nursing in order to contextualize the phenomenon of study; then, the most significant conceptions of the art and aesthetics of care, from Florence Nightingale until Vera Virginia Waldow are described. The Abaggnano conceptions of art as knowledge, practical activity, and sensibility serve as framework to this analysis. Conclusions: The art of care is supported by the fundamental conceptions of art, mainly as a practical activity, but also as knowledge and sensibility. Therefore, it can be expressed that the art of care develops from and into an intersubjective relationship: the nurses abstract the reality of the persons, while the persons self-perceive to objectivize their needs. From these interactions, caring actions based on love, respect, and dignity are developed.

Introdução: Com a construção do estado da arte identificou-se a necessidade de conceituar a arte do cuidado com a seguinte questão: concebe-se a arte do cuidado de enfermagem como fenómeno de estudo desde a revisão do pensamento teórico de enfermagem? Esta análise contribui à fundamentação filosofica estética da disciplina de enfermagem e sua ressignificação para o ensino e a prática, de tal forma que o cuidado adquira o sentido humanístico para a autonomia profissional. Desenvolvimento: Analisa-se o cuidado desde a visão de alguns filósofos e teóricos de enfermagem para contextualizar o fenómeno de estudo; posteriormente se descrevem as concepções da arte do cuidado e conhecimento estético mais significativas desde Florence Nightingale até Vera Regina Waldow. Para a análise dos achados consideram-se as concepções da arte como conhecimento, como atividade prática e como sensibilidade, estabelecidas por Abaggnano. Conclusões: A arte do cuidado sustenta-se segundo as concepções fundamentais da arte, principalmente como atividade prática, assim mesmo identi-se as acepções da arte como conhecimento e como sensibilidade. Em síntese, até este momento pode-se dizer que a arte do cuidado se dá em uma relação intersubjetiva, a enfermeira (ro) faz uma abstração da realidade da pessoa e esta faz uma autopercepção para objetivar suas necessidades. Desta interação derivam-se as ações de cuidado baseadas no amor, no respeito à dignidade da pessoa.

Assessment of the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae)

Abstract This study was carried out to assess the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of extracts of Morus nigra L. HPLC was used to determine the fingerprint chromatogram of the crude ethanolic extract (Mn-EtOH). The antibacterial effect was assessed through the method of microdilution. The cytotoxicity was tested against human tumour cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also assessed through the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and -carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. The presence of phenolic compounds in Mn-EtOH was confirmed using HPLC. The extracts showed activity against most microorganisms tested. The extracts did not show any expressive antiproliferative effect in the assessment of cytotoxicity. The most significant total phenolic content was 153.00 ± 11.34 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g to the ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt). The total flavonoid content was 292.50 ± 70.34 mg of catechin equivalent/g to the AcOEt extract, which presented the best antioxidant activity (IC50 50.40 ± 1.16 g/mL) for DPPH scavenging. We can conclude that this species shows strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as weak cytotoxic effects.

Resumo Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar as atividades antibacteriana, citotóxica e antioxidante de extratos de Morus nigra L. HPLC foi utilizado para determinar o perfil de compostos fenólicos do extrato etanólico bruto (Mn-EtOH). O efeito antibacteriano foi avaliado através do método de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade foi testada contra linhagens celulares de tumores humanos utilizando o ensaio do brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetil-2-tiazolil)-2,5-difenil-2H-tetrazólio (MTT). O conteúdo total de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides também foi avaliado por meio dos métodos de Folin-Ciocalteu e cloreto de alumínio, respectivamente. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos foi avaliada por meio do sequestro do radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e co-oxidação do sistema -caroteno-ácido linoleico. A presença de compostos fenólicos em Mn-EtOH foi confirmada utilizando HPLC. Os extratos mostraram atividade contra a maioria dos microrganismos testados. Os extratos não mostraram qualquer efeito antiproliferativo expressivo na avaliação da citotoxicidade. O conteúdo fenólico total mais significativo foi de 153,00 ± 11,34 mg de equivalente de ácido gálico/g para o extrato acetato de etila (AcOEt). O conteúdo de flavonoides totais foi de 292,50 ± 70,34 mg de equivalente de catequina/g para o extrato AcOEt, que apresentou a melhor atividade antioxidante (IC50 50,40 ± 1,16 mg/mL) para o sequestro do DPPH. Podemos concluir que esta espécie apresenta forte atividade antibacteriana e antioxidante, bem como fraca atividade citotóxica.

Fractions of Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring (Selaginellaceae) attenuate the nociceptive behavior events in mice

Abstract Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring is a species popularly known as jericó, and used in folk medicine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to investigate in mice the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the hexane (Sc-Hex) and chloroform (Sc-CHCl3) fractions (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) obtained by partition of crude ethanol extract from S. convoluta. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the fractions was performed. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The rota-rod test was used to evaluate motor coordination. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the Sc-Hex and the Sc-CHCl3 were positive for the presence of flavonoids, anthracene derivatives, quinones, triterpenes and steroids. Inhibition of writhing was observed for fractions tested. The Sc-Hex at all doses tested was effective in reducing the nociceptive behavior produced by formalin only in the second phase. However, the Sc-CHCl3 decreased the paw licking time in the first and second phases. In the hot plate no significant effect was observed for any fraction. In the rota-rod test, treated mice did not demonstrate any significant motor performance changes. In the carrageenan-induced pleurisy, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduced cell migration to the pleural cavity. These results reveal the antinociceptive properties of S. convoluta , which support, in part, its traditional use, since the fractions did not presented significant activity in the inflammatory response profile. We further verify that this antinociceptive effect could be by activation of nociceptive peripheral pathway.

Resumo Selaginella convoluta é uma espécie popularmente conhecida como jericó, e usada na medicina popular como analgésica e anti-inflamatória. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar em camundongos as atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória das frações hexânica (Sc-Hex) e clorofórmica (Sc-CHCl3) (100, 200 e 400 mg/kg) obtidas por partição do extrato etanólico bruto de S. convoluta . A análise fitoquímica preliminar das frações foi realizada. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada pelos testes de contorções abdominais, formalina e placa quente. A atividade anti-inflamatória foi avaliada usando pleurisia induzida por carragenina. O teste do rota-rod foi utilizado para avaliar a coordenação motora. A triagem fitoquímica preliminar mostrou que Sc-Hex e Sc-CHCl3 apresentaram reação positiva para a presença de flavonoides, derivados antracênicos, quinonas, triterpenos e esteroides. A inibição das contorções foi observada para as frações testadas. Sc-Hex em todas as doses testadas foi efetivo na redução do comportamento nociceptivo produzido pela formalina somente na segunda fase. No entanto, Sc-CHCl3 diminuiu o tempo de lambida da pata na primeira e segunda fases. Na placa quente, nenhum efeito significativo foi observado para qualquer fração. No teste do rota-rod os camundongos tratados não demonstraram mudanças significativas na coordenação motora. Na pleurisia induzida por carragenina, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduziu a migração celular para a cavidade pleural. Estes resultados revelam a propriedade antinociceptiva de S. convoluta, justificando, em parte, seu uso tradicional, uma vez que os extratos não apresentaram atividade significativa no perfil de resposta inflamatória. Verificamos ainda que esse efeito antinociceptivo mostrou-se ligado à ativação da via periférica nociceptiva.

Síndrome de DIOS en dos pacientes con fibrosis quística: revisión de la literatura / Case Studies of Two Cystic Fibrosis Patients with distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) and a Literature review

En los pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ) el íleo meconial, el síndrome de obstrucción distal y la constipación conforman un grupo de manifestaciones gastrointestinales con una gravedad variable como consecuencia del incremento en la viscosidad del moco y el tiempo prolongado del tránsito intestinal. El grupo de trabajo de fibrosis quística de la Sociedad Europea de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica realizó un consenso en 2010 y definió el síndrome de obstrucción intestinal distal (DIOS) como un cuadro agudo de obstrucción intestinal que puede ser completo o incompleto. El DIOS completo se define como un cuadro de vómito bilioso y/o niveles hidroaéreos en el intestino delgado observados en la radiografía de abdomen, masa fecal a nivel ileocecal, y dolor y/o distensión abdominal; el incompleto se define como el cuadro de dolor abdominal y/o distensión y masa fecal a nivel ileocecal, pero sin los otros signos de obstrucción completa. La frecuencia de presentación de esta entidad en pacientes con FQ es variable y depende de las definiciones utilizadas; se ha considerado que la prevalencia va del 7% a 8% en niños y en adultos puede ser tan alta como de 23,3 episodios por 1000 pacientes/año, con una prevalencia que varía entre el 14% y el 16%. Dadas las dificultades que se presentan en estos pacientes para definir y establecer el diagnóstico, quisimos ilustrar este síndrome con 2 niños que consultaron a nuestra institución; además, se realizó una revisión del tema para generar sensibilización sobre el diagnóstico temprano y su manejo.

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have greater than normal mucosal viscosity and prolonged intestinal transit times which can result in meconium ileus, distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) and constipation of varying severity. The cystic fibrosis working group of the European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pediatric Nutrition produced a consensus in 2010 that defined distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) as acute intestinal obstruction which may be complete or incomplete. Fully developed DIOS is defined as bilious vomiting and/or sufficient amounts of fluid and air in the small intestine to be observed in an abdominal X-ray, a fecal mass in the ileocecal area, pain and/or bloating. Incomplete DIOS is defined as abdominal pain and/or bloating and fecal mass in the ileocecal area, but without the other signs of complete obstruction. The incidence of this condition in cystic fibrosis patients varies. Depending on the definition used, the prevalence of DIOS has been measured between 7% and 8% in children with cystic fibrosis, but has been reported to be as high as 23.3 episodes per 1,000 patients per year for adult cystic fibrosis patients with a prevalence ranging between 14% and 16%. Given the difficulties of establishing this diagnosis in these patients, we wanted to illustrate this syndrome with two children who were treated in our institution and to review this subject in order to generate awareness about early diagnosis and management.

Absence of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions (NCCLs) in a Chilean Pre-Columbian Sample with Severe Occlusal Tooth Wear / Ausencia de Lesiones Cervicales no Cariosas (NCCLs) en una Muestra Chilena Precolombina con Severo Desgaste Oclusal

This study evaluates the non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) and the occlusal tooth wear in a pre-Columbian sample (n= 67, adults) from San Pedro de Atacama (North of Chile, 400-1300 BCE). The cervical regions of tooth were observed for loss of enamel and/or dentine in order to identify them as NCCLs and the tooth wear was characterized by the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) index. None of the individuals analyzed presented NCCLs, whereas the 98.5% (66/67) of them showed occlusal wear. The mean BEWE index was 2.5, indicating severe dental wear (3 being the highest possible score of BEWE). This lack of relation among severe tooth wear and NCCLs gives support to the idea of loss of crown height reduces cervical stress and develop of NCCLs in archaeological populations.

Este estudio evalúa las lesiones cervicales no cariosas (NCCLs) y el desgaste dental oclusal en una muestra precolombina (n= 67, adultos) de San Pedro de Atacama (Norte de Chile, 400-1300 AEC). Se analizó la perdida de esmalte y/o dentina en las áreas cervicales de los dientes con el propósito de identificarlas como NCCLs y el desgaste dental fue evaluado según el índice Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE). Ninguno de los individuos analizados presentó NCCLs, mientras el 98,5% (66/67) de ellos mostró desgaste oclusal. El promedio del índice BEWE fue de 2,5, indicando severo desgaste dental (siendo 3 el puntaje más alto posible). La falta de relación entre severo desgaste dental y NCCLs apoya la idea que la pérdida de altura de las coronas reduce el estrés cervical y el desarrollo de NCCLs en poblaciones arqueológicas.

Priapismo de bajo flujo convertido en priapismo de alto flujo por fístula arterio-lacunar secundaria a la técnica de Winter / Low-flow priapism developing to high-flow priapism by arterial-lacunar fistula secondary to the winter procedure

El priapismo es una afección patológica que consiste en una erección peneana persistente más allá de la estimulación sexual. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 80 años, diagnosticado inicialmente, por la historia clínica, valores gasométricos de los cuerpos cavernosos y ultrasonografía doppler color peneana, de priapismo de bajo flujo que durante la realización de la técnica de Winter se produce iatrogénicamente la laceración bilateral de las arterias dorsales, originando una fístula arteriolacunar y en consecuencia un priapismo de alto flujo. Se realizó arteriografía selectiva de la pudenda, al no ser la eco-doppler color concluyente, que puso de manifiesto dicha fístula y permitió la embolización supraselectiva con microcoils...

Priapism is a pathology consisting of prolonged penile erection unrelated to sexual stimulation. We present an 80-year-old patient with relevant clinical history; corpora cavernosa blood gas analysis and penile Doppler ultrasound examination confirmed low-flow priapism. The Winter procedure was performed, which provoked iatrogenic laceration of the dorsal artery, leading to an arterio-lacunar fistula and high-flow priapism. A second Doppler ultrasound was inconclusive, and so a selective angiography was performed to observe the pudendal artery, following which selective embolization with microcoils was carried out...

Complicación derivada del uso de Hem-O-Lok en la prostatectomía radical laparoscópica / Complications arising from the use of Hem-O-Lok in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

Se presenta una rara complicación pos operatoria, la formación de pseu dodivertículo uretral, que se produce después de una prostatectomía radical laparoscópica con preservación de nervios, procedimiento llevado a cabo con la colocación de Hem-o-lok sobre los pedículos látero-prostáticos, en un paciente con cáncer de próstata clínicamente localizado. Por tanto, estos dispositivos deben utilizarse con precaución en la región de la anastomosis vesicouretral...

We present a rare postoperative complication, pseudodiverticulum urethral formation, occurring after a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with nerve-sparing procedure carried out with the placement of Hem-o-lok c in the latero-prostatic pedicles, in a patient with clinically localized prostate cancer. As such, these devices should be used with caution in the region of the vesicourethral anastomosis...

Contenido de plomo sanguíneo y composición corporal en mujeres jóvenes expuestas a humo de madera en la ciudad de Temuco / Blood lead levels and body composition in young women exposed to wood smoke in the city of Temuco

One of the main concerns in the cities ofdeveloping countries is the coexistence of environmental pollution, malnutrition and overweight. The city of Temuco is highly polluted and the range of circulating lead of their inhabitants is unknown. The objective of this work was to study the potential association between blood lead concentration and body composition in young women (n=45) living in the city of Temuco, which were exposed permanently to wood smoke. Blood lead concentration was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace (AAS-GF) and the body composition was determined by isotopic dilution (deuterium). All participants presented high percentage offat mass (FM) and 66.7% of them had blood lead levels over the accepted international limits (5µgldl; EPA; USA), although lower than the Chilean normative (40µgldl), which were not correlated with the % of FM. The high percentage of overweight and obesity together with the lead blood levels found in this study constitute risk factors that may affect health and life quality of the participants in the medium term.

Uno de los problemas más frecuentes en las ciudades de países en desarrollo es la coexistencia de polución ambiental, malnutrición y sobrepeso. La ciudad de Temuco posee una elevada contaminación ambiental y se desconoce el rango de las concentraciones de plomo circulante en la población. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la concentración de plomo sanguíneo en mujeres temuquenses expuestas a humo de leña doméstico en forma continua (n=45), y su posible asociación con la composición corporal. La concentración sanguínea de plomo fue analizada por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con horno de grafito (AAS-GF), y la composición corporal se determinó por el método de dilución isotópica (deuterio). Todas las mujeres participantes registraron elevados porcentajes de masa grasa (MG) y un 66.7% de ellas registró concentraciones de plomo sanguíneo sobre los niveles aceptados internacionalmente (5 μg/dl; EPA; USA), aunque bajo la normativa chilena (40 μg/dl), los que no se correlacionaron con el % de MG. El elevado porcentaje de sobrepeso y obesidad junto a los niveles de plomo observados en este estudio constituyen factores de riesgo que afectarán en un mediano plazo la salud y calidad de vida de las participantes.

Aproximación a la pertinencia social del posgrado de cardiología de la Universidad de Los Andes / Approach to the social relevance of the cardiology fellow of Los Andes University

El paradigma de la misión de las universidades está cambiando y se cuestiona su papel como agentes transformadores de la sociedad, a la vez que se promueve que las políticas de salud sean diseñadas sobre la base de evidencias obtenidas mediante la investigación. El presente trabajo intenta estimar la pertinencia social del posgrado de cardiología de la universidad de Los Andes, mérida, Venezuela (PCULA). Encuesta anónima realizada a los egresados del PCULA en el lapso 1978 - 2002. Treinta y un preguntas en ocho secciones. 63 de los 100 egresados llenaron la encuesta. El 84,54% seleccionó tener una actualización aceptable; sólo el 20% manifestó ejercer exclusivamente en el sector público; la mayoría consideró deficientes las condiciones para el ejercicio público; 87,30% clasificó como deficiente el entorno público y privado para la investigación; el 47,62% participaba en cardiología preventiva, sólo el 22,22% dijo haber creado a dirigir algún programa de esta índole; el 63,96% no llegaba a cinco presentaciones en congresos, el 69,84% tenía cuatro o menos publicaciones, apenas el 8,94% tenía cinco o más divulgaciones en cardiología preventiva; el 90,48% consideró aceptable el entrenamiento en el PCULA, con la excepción del obtenido en cardiología preventiva; el 69,73% catalogó de laboriosa la obtensión de trabajo como cardiólogo; el 38,10% consideró inadecuado el nivel socio-económico alcanzado; y el 64,08% realizó estudios de super-especialización. Apesar de una alta calidad, el PCULA evidencia parámetros de baja pertinencia social.

The paradigm of the mission of universities is changing and their role as agents for change in society is being questioned while, at the same time, designing health policies based on research findings is being promoted. This paper attempts to assess the social relevance of the postgraduate course in cardiology at Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela (PCULA). An anonymous survey conducted on students who graduated from the PCULA during the period 1978-2002. Thirty-one questions in eight sections. Sixty-three of the 100 graduates completed the questionnaire. Of that number, 84.54% indicated that the course’s level of refresher content was acceptable; only 20% said they practiced exclusively in the public health sector; the majority considered conditions for practicing in the public sector to be deficient; 87.3% classified the environment, in both the public and private sectors, as being deficient for engaging in research; 47.62% was involved in preventive cardiology; only 22.2% said they had created or directed a program of this type; 63.96% had given less than five papers at congresses; 69.84% had four or less publications; only 8.94% had five or more publications in preventive cardiology; 90.48% considered the training offered on the PCULA to be acceptable, except for the training in preventive cardiology; 69.73% classified obtaining work as a cardiologist as being an uphill task; 38.10% considered the socio-economic level achieved to be inadequate; and 64.08% had done “superspecialization” studies. Despite the high quality of the PCULA, evidence of parameters of low social relevance is apparent.